Meaning: When in doubt, interpret in the milder way. Explanation: Ambiguous penal provisions should be read in favour of the person affected to avoid unjust punishment; protects students from overbroad

Meaning: Freedom of expression principle. Explanation: Free speech is foundational for academic life; legal limits must be narrowly tailored. Example: A controversial speaker may be allowed with safety plans rather

Meaning: Creators hold rights over original works. Explanation: Copyright balances creator interests and public access; universities should teach fair use and offer open-access options. Example: Student theses may be archived

Meaning: The law is harsh, but it is the law. Explanation: Courts enforce rules even when outcomes are severe; modern systems temper rigid application with equity. Example: Strict attendance rules

Meaning: Workers have the right to organise and bargain collectively. Explanation: Ensures voice in determining conditions; student employees and campus staff benefit from protections recognising organising rights. Example: Student baristas

Meaning: Laws on the same subject should be read together. Explanation: Related statutes should be harmonised to avoid contradictions; crucial when campus rules intersect national laws. Example: Reconciling a university’s

Meaning: The state as guardian of those who cannot protect themselves. Explanation: Courts and authorities may intervene to protect vulnerable persons; universities have statutory and ethical duties to safeguard students

Meaning: No one is bound to accuse themselves (right against self-incrimination). Explanation: Protects individuals from compelled self-incrimination in criminal and administrative contexts; vital during campus interviews to prevent coercive testimonies.

Meaning: The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law. Explanation: This principle emphasizes that the state’s actions must prioritize the common good above private or individual interests. It

Meaning: Law of the place where the wrong was committed applies. Explanation: Determines applicable jurisdiction; vital in cross-campus or cross-border harms. Example: Cyberbullying targeted at a student in Province A

Meaning: In equal fault, the defendant’s position is stronger. Explanation: Relief may be denied to parties equally at fault to prevent rewarding wrongdoing. Example: Two student groups colluding in fabrication